Impact of Fully Time-Varying Freshwater Fluxes From Greenland and Rivers on Externally Forced and Internal Sea Level Variability

In forced ocean general circulation models (OGCMs), regional sea-level interannual variability arises from internal ocean dynamics and external forcings, among which freshwater fluxes from Greenland and rivers are typically prescribed …

The Role of Large-Scale Seasonal Cycle Advection in Maintaining the Mean Ocean Salinity Distribution

Anthropogenic climate change is projected to intensify the global hydrological cycle, posing substantial risks to human societies. However, monitoring these changes through direct observations remains challenging, particularly over the oceans. …

Past, present, and future variability of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CMIP6 ensembles

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the climate system, exhibiting strong variability across daily to millennial timescales and significantly influencing global climate. Sensitive to external …